MICROBIOLOGY SKILLS LEVEL 1

 

A.      CAPILLARY BLOOD COLLECTION

PRINCIPLE: SPECIMEN COLLECTION, THE SKIN

REQUIREMENT

·         SWABS

·         SURGICAL /METHYLATED  SPIRIT

·         GLOVES

PROCEDURE

1.       Feel the finger of choice you want to prick , if its cold massage it

2.       Swab with on sweep gently and observe the swab, if dirty repeat the swab

3.       Drawing an imaginary v, prick outside the v with one gendle steady prick

4.       Wipe the first drop

5.       And use the second drop for the next exercise

 

B.      BLOOD GROUPING

CONCEPT:ANTIGEN ANTIBODY REACTION

·         REQUIREMENT

·         BLOOD GROUPING REAGENT

·         CAPILLARY BLOOD

·         SLIDES

PROCEDURE

1.     One drop 💧  of blood is separately placed three times  on a glass slide

2.     Starting with anti A, placed on the first drop then anti B placed on the second drop finally anti D placed

3.     Using the corner of another clean slide mix the blood and specimen making sure that every corner of the slide is only used once in mixing

4.     Pick the slide with you just mixed containing the 3 drops of blood and blood grouping reagents and shake gently ensuring that the contents don’t come closer to each other

5.     Read and interpret your result’’

 

 

C.   RAPID TESTS

CONCEPT :ANTIGEN ANTIBODY REACTION, CHROMATRAPHICAL TECHNIQUE

REQUIREMENT

·         RAPID TEST KITS

·         SPECIMEN

·         BUFFER

PROCEDURE

1.     Collect the specimen of choice for the rapid test

2.     Using the collecting tool provided by the manufacturer place the sample in pot

3.     Add the buffer

4.     Read the result

5.     Interpret the results

 

 

D.  STERILIZATION TECHNIQUE

Requirement

Autoclave

Items to be sterilized

Timer

PROCEDURE

1.     Load  the autoclave with deionized water to the level of the stand

2.     Wrap instruments for autoclaving in sets  wrapped in the blue towel and label

3.     Tie a steam indicator strip into the wrap.

4.     Make sure you have locked airtight the autoclave lid and tighten the screw .Make sure that the air valve is not released

5.     Switch on the autoclave

6.     On reaching 15psi, start documenting your time for 15 minutes

7.     After 15 minutes switch off the autoclave and release the air valve

8.     Wait for the items to cool and remove them observing any changes in the sterilization tape

9.     If the steam indicator tape, package markings or interior steam indicator strip do not change color after processing the instruments are repackaged and reprocessed.

 

 

 

E.   CULTURE TECHNIQUES

 

1.         To demonstrate  the presence of microorganisms  RIVER WATER

            2.         Appreciate appearance  of bacterial colonies on solid media

 

REQUIREMENTS

Autoclave

Incubator

Micropipette

 

Petri dishes

Culture media

Micropipette

Collection bottles

 

PROCEDURE

1.         Autoclave the petri dishes, swabs ,agar media prepared and collection bottles

2.         Collect the following samples Dam water down the college

3.         Using micropipette pipette 50micrlitre of the mixed samples collected above and place the sample on culture media prepared and spread with the applicator sticks

4.         Incubate  for 24hrs ,48hrs  and record your finding by taking pictures and counting the number of colonies identified

 

VIDEO LINKS TO BE WATCHED BEFORE THE SKILLS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rS3iCNP8NRI          Culture methods

 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yVRj7CWFj9A         capillary blood collection

 

 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lx3CAmMpvCE          blood grouping

 

 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j23s_cxwxSE      sterilization techniques

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WqT2z8jCEHs        rapid tests

 

 

Dowry among the Bukusu

By Timothy Makokha,
.
In the beginning people were just pairing up basing on a mutual understanding of the man and woman. Whether the person was marrying the first, second or whichever wife, he could not give anything to the parents of the girl despite the fact that she is leaving her parents to start a new marriage life in a new home, new environment and taking up of foreign cultural beliefs as it is believed that it was a woman to get accustomed to the cultural requirements of the clan of the husband.
A time came when elders saw the need for them to bring in the idea of dowry negotiations (eng’anana). There were various reasons for this, first was sirara (granary full of grain). This means that a girl might have been a hard working farmer, who had been doing a lot of farming activities on their farm when she was still under the care of her parents. When she gets married, her parents would feel the loss in terms of labor on the farm and therefore a man was to give them something to make them not mind the departure of their hard working daughter.
The second reason was kumwoulo (the goodness of a wife). Originally it was believed that a wife is a source of wealth to her husband. For example a wife would do most of the household chores including cooking, fetching water/firewood and other farming activities on the farm. Dowry was to be paid as appreciation and as a sign of respect to the in-laws. For example a man would earn respect from his in-laws after paying dowry.
Another reason was lukosi (love for the girl). Dowry was to be paid as a sign of love for a wife. This would even make the love between a couple to be stronger as the wife will feel valued and respected by her husband.
Kumuliano (feasting together) was another reason for dowry payment. Dowry negotiations were an opportunity for members of the two clans (clan members for the wife and clan members for the husband) to meet and talk freely while enjoying meals and local liquor (busaa). In such sessions the two parties get an opportunity to learn more about the taboos and beliefs of each other.
There was a slight difference between dowry negotiations for the girl who was pure and the one with a child or children. Eng’anana (dowry negotiation) for a girl who had not given birth at her parents’ home was done under a tree outside the house while for the one with children or a child at her parent’s home, the ceremony is done inside a house.
Generally, dowry payment was meant to strengthen the bond in a marriage (khuandalasia bulebe).
It was important to pay dowry just in case a wife dies of child delivery, it would be easier to handle the in-laws in such a crisis. That’s why one of the cows given as dowry was called ekhafu ye lifumo (cattle as a fine in case a wife dies during child delivery. In some cases if the clan members of the wife has prove that the wife was intentionally killed then the husband would pay for the head of the deceased wife (arunga kumurwe).
Elders were also advising people to pay dowry because of the routinely intimacy between a wife and a husband (orunga khuchia mumarango komukhasi).
Just in case a wife dies before dowry payment, only specific number of cattle is given not all the 13 animals. In this case one would be required to pay ye khusera (cow for proposing to the girl), ye lubeko (cow for shaving the pubic hair of the wife in her husband’s home), ye khukwisia situru (in payment of making breasts of a woman flat), yembako/sirara (for the work she had done in her husband’s home), ya khocha (for the brother to her mother). Traditionally, Bukusu people believed that a married woman can only shave her pubic hair only when she is in her husband’s compound but not from any other place not even at her parent's home.
In case a wife was married as a virgin, the blood stained beddings used on the first night are to be taken to the grandmother to the girl together with embusi sisonga (mature she-goat). This was done in respect for the girl who was pure. A goat is as well given to the aunt (sister to the father of the girl). For a girl who had children at home (nasikoko), a husband would not pay ekhafu ye situru as her breasts were already flat at the time of her marriage.
Traditionally one was not allowed to accept or take dowry from his daughters if he has not paid dowry for his wife. In such case, a person pays dowry for his wife first, then after one year demand for dowry from married daughters.
Those were the days when age was highly appreciated. For example, a person was not expected to organize for dowry negotiations (eng’anana) for a young daughter before organizing one for the eldest daughter. The same is applied with sons as the first son in a homestead should be the first pone to pay dowry and hold dowry negotiations as younger ones do the same up to the youngest.
In case the young son is ready to pay dowry ahead of his elder brother, then he only give the animals but the dowry negotiation is not held until the elder brothers make dowry negotiations. The same is applied to daughters, when the husband of the youngest daughter wants to pay dowry ahead of her elder sister, then the animals are received but the dowry negotiations are not done until the one for the eldest daughter pay.
Later in life after the introduction of circumcision, dowry payment was as well associated with circumcision where a male child was to be taken to his uncles (brother to the mother) a day to the circumcision day.
The reason for a boy/initiate going for likhoni (reward from an uncle, which is normally a young bull) at his uncle’s home means that there were some cultural spirits from the mother’s side that the father’s side are not aware of. The initiates were to call their uncles to oversee the circumcision ceremony and give lubito to the initiates, in the process of handing over to them the cultural spirits from the mother’s side.
Continue paying dowry, as long as mankind exists in respect to the original reasons for dowry payment. The future of dowry payment is bright despite the misinterpretation of the dowry concept by the misguided people.
Source: Westfm

HAPPY WOMEN'S DAY!

Its International Women's Day. I cant stop congratulating the main achievement they have made in our families, community, business, politics, education, health and love.

INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY:INTRODUCTORY LECTURE

INTRODUCTION                         TO    

                                                   MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

Walter W. Waswa 

Defining Microbiology

•Medical Microbiology is the study of microorganisms:

–Bacteria

–Fungus

–Parasites

–Viruses

–Most can only be seen with the microscope!

•What is Microbiology

•Study of different Microorganisms

•Can be

     Bacteria

     Viruses

     Parasites

     Fungus

•Coverage of subject

•General Microbiology

•Bacteriology

•Mycology

•Virology

•Parasitology and entomology

•Microbes in Our Lives

•Microorganisms are organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye.

•“Germ” refers to a rapidly growing cell.

Naming and Classifying Microorganisms

•Carolus Linnaeus (1735) established the system of scientific nomenclature.

•Each organism has two names: the genus and specific epithet.

•Are italicized or underlined. The genus is capitalized and the specific epithet is lower case.

1.Bacteria

•10 times smaller

•Prokaryotes

•Peptidoglycan cell walls

•Binary fission

•For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis

2.Viruses

•A virus is not a cell!

•Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell

•Consist of DNA or RNA core

•Core is surrounded by a protein coat

•Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope

•What are Viruses

•Viruses  Dependent on Host cells for necessary functions and Multiplication

•Intracellular parasites

•Contain either DNA or RNA never both.

3.Parasites

•Parasitology is the study of parasites .and their interactions with their hosts.

•The science of parasitology has a long history and has its roots in zoology, with its emphasis on the identification and classification of parasites and  of life cycles,

•Taxonomic classification of parasitic organisms

•Parasites are classified into 2 sub-kingdoms: 

 

protozoa (unicellular) and metazoa (multicellular)

 

•Protozoan (unicellular) parasites are classified 

 

according to morphology and means of

 

 

 locomotion. There are 45,000 protozoa species. 

 

 

Most species that cause human disease belong to

 

 

 the phylum's sarcomastigophora and

 

 

 apicomplexa

 

 

•Metazoa (multicellular) include the worms

 

 

 (helminths) and arthropoda (posses an external 

 

 

skeleton) e.g. ticks, lice

4. Fungi

•Considerable variation in size.

•Internal Molecular system

•Well defined cell wall composed of polysaccharides

•Gaining importance in Immunosupressed patients and increased use of Antibiotics

•Equipments and reagents  used in study of microbiology

Microscope

•Magnifies

•Diferent types

Centrifuge

•Sediments particles eg cells bacteria casts and parasites suspended in fluids by exerting a force greater that of gravity.

•Equipments and reagents  used in study of microbiology

Autoclave

•Sterilization

•Temperature of saturated steam  at atmospheric pressure is approximately 100 c

Colorimeter

•Measures hb and other substances in the body which can alter in concentration in disease and during treatment

Incubator

•Controlled temperature  for bacteriological culture, blood transfusion,haematology and other tests

•LABORATORY CLASSIFICATION

Classified based on the biosafety

•Lab safety

•All laboratories post signs regarding safety

•Safety hoods are used to avoid splashing and inhaling possible pathogens.

•Protect Yourself from Infections

•Certain infections can infect you

•Eg  HIV, Hepatitis B infections,Tuberculosis,Many respiratory infections

•Protect others from Infections

•Sterilization

•disinfection

•Inceneration

The end

•